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[p244] The Court,
composed as above,
delivers the following judgment
upon a preliminary objection filed by the Lithuanian Government: [1] By an
application instituting proceedings, filed with the Registry of the Court on
April 11th, 1932, in accordance with Article 40 of the Statute and Article
35 of the Rules of Court, the Governments of His Britannic Majesty in the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the French
Republic, of His Majesty the King of Italy and of His Majesty the Emperor of
Japan, brought before the [p245] Permanent Court of International Justice a
suit against the Government of the Lithuanian Republic in respect of a
difference of opinion as to whether certain acts of the latter Government
are in conformity with the Statute of the Memel Territory annexed to the
Convention of May 8th, 1924, concerning Memel;
[2] In the application, the Applicant Powers stated the subject of the
dispute in the following terms:
"May the Court be pleased:
... To decide....
(1) whether the Governor of the Memel Territory has the right to dismiss the
President of the Directorate;
(2) in the case of an affirmative decision, whether this right only exists
under certain conditions or in certain circumstances, and what those
conditions or circumstances are;
(3) if the right to dismiss the President of the Directorate is admitted,
whether such dismissal involves the termination of the appointments of the
other members of the Directorate;
(4) if the right to dismiss the President of the Directorate only exists
under certain conditions or in certain circumstances, whether the dismissal
of M. B�ttcher, carried out on February 6th, 1932, is in order in the
circumstances in which it took place;
(5) whether, in the circumstances in which it took place, the appointment of
the Directorate presided over by M. Simaitis is in order; Governor of the
Memel Territory on March 22nd, 1932, when the Directorate presided over by
M. Simaitis had not received the confidence of the Diet, is in order."
[3] As the Court included, upon the Bench, judges of the nationality of the
Applicant Powers but no judge of Lithuanian nationality, the Lithuanian
Government availed itself of its right under the terms of Article 31 of the
Statute to appoint a judge ad hoc.
[4] By an Order dated April 16th, 1932, the President of the Court - the
latter not being then in session at the time-fixed the dates for the
presentation of the documents in the written procedure; the last date upon
which the Lithuanian Government was to be allowed to present its
Counter-Case was fixed as May 30th, 1932. This document was only [p246]
filed on May 31st, 1932; but the President, on that date, decided, under
Article 33 of the Rules of Court, that it was to be considered as valid.
[5] By a document filed at the same time as its Counter-Case, the Lithuanian
Government objected that the Court had no jurisdiction to deal with points 5
and 6 of the Application mentioned above. This document concluded by asking
the Court
"To declare that it has no jurisdiction to give a decision, at the present
stage of the proceedings, upon points 5 and б of the application presented
to the Court on April nth, 1932, by the Representatives of His Britannic
Majesty in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the
French Republic, of His Majesty the King of Italy and of His Majesty the
Emperor of Japan".
[6] By an Order dated June 1st, 1932, the President of the Court - the
latter though in session not being so constituted that it could deal with
the present case - , having decided that the said document fulfilled the
requirements of Article 38 of the Rules of Court as to form, and acting in
accordance with that Article, fixed June 13th, 1932, as the last date upon
which the Applicant Powers in the case . relating to the. interpretation of
the Statute of Memel might present a written statement of their observations
and submissions upon the preliminary objection raised by the Lithuanian
Government.
[7] This statement, which was filed on June 10th, 1932, concluded as
follows:
"The Applicant Powers therefore consider that the arguments advanced by the
Lithuanian Government in support of its preliminary objection are unfounded,
and they accordingly ask the Court to overrule it."
[8] At public hearings held on June 14th and 15th, 1932, the Court heard
oral observations upon the Lithuanian Government's objection by H.E. M.
Sidzikauskas, Agent of the Lithuanian Government, and by M. Chargu�raud,
Assistant Agent of the French Government, speaking on behalf of all the
Applicant Powers.
[9] Such are the circumstances in which, the submission being in all
respects regular, the Court is now called upon to give judgment. [p247]
***
[10] The Lithuanian Government has founded its preliminary objection upon
Article 17 of the Convention of May 8th, 1924, concerning Memel; this
Article is worded as follows:
"The High Contracting Parties declare that any Member of the Council of the
League of Nations shall be entitled to draw the attention of the Council to
any infraction of the provisions of the present Convention.
In the event of any difference of opinion in regard to questions of law or
of fact concerning these provisions between the Lithuanian Government and
any of the Principal Allied Powers members of the Council of the League of
Nations, such difference shall be regarded as a dispute of an international
character under the terms of Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of
Nations. The Lithuanian Government agrees that all disputes of this kind
shall, if the other Party so requests, be referred to the Permanent Court of
International Justice. There shall be no appeal from the Permanent Court's
decision, which shall have the force and value of a decision rendered in
virtue of Article 13 of the Covenant."
[11] The Lithuanian Government in its Counter-Case of May 26th, 1932,
contends that
"the two paragraphs of Article 17 relate to two distinct phases of one and
the same procedure, and that, accordingly, all disputes, before being
referred to the Court, must be submitted to the Council for examination. As
this condition has not been observed by the Applicant Powers in regard to
questions 5 and 6 of their application, the Lithuanian Government has felt
obliged to raise a preliminary objection, in accordance with Article 38 of
the Rules of Court, and to request the Court to decide that, at present, it
has no jurisdiction to pass upon questions 5 and 6".
[12] In the preliminary objection also dated May 26th, 1932, the Lithuanian
Government summarizes its standpoint as follows:
"Thus it must be concluded that paragraph 2 of Article 17 of the Convention
of Memel regards recourse to the Permanent Court of International Justice as
a procedure only to be employed after a failure of the procedure before the
Council [p248] of the League of Nations, under paragraph 1 of the same
Article 17."
[13] On the other hand, the four Applicant Powers consider that the
procedure referred to in the first paragraph of Article 17, and that
referred to in its second paragraph, are two separate proceedings; and that
a matter may properly be submitted to the Court under paragraph 2 even
though it has not previously been brought before the Council of the League
of Nations, as is the case here with regard to questions 5 and 6.
[14] The judgment which the Court has to deliver on the preliminary
objection of the Lithuanian Government constitutes an interpretation of
Article 17 of the Convention of Paris of May 8th, 1924.
[15] It should be noted, in the first place, that the proceedings before the
Council, contemplated by paragraph 1 of Article 17, are quite different from
the judicial proceedings before the Court to which the second paragraph of
Article 17 relates. If proceedings before the Council are to be a condition
precedent to proceedings before the Court, the intention of the contracting
Parties to stipulate such a condition must be clearly established.
[16] But it is to be observed that there is nothing in the text of Article
17 to show that it was the intention of the Parties to make proceedings
before the Council a condition precedent to proceedings before the Court.
[17] The actual text of Article 17 shows that the two procedures relate to
different objects. The object of the procedure before the Council is the
examination of an "infraction of the provisions of the Convention", which
presupposes an act already committed, whereas the procedure before the Court
is concerned with "any difference of opinion in regard to questions of law
or fact". Such difference of opinion may arise without any infraction having
been noted. It is true that one and the same situation may give rise to
proceedings either before the Council under the first paragraph, or before
the Court under the second; but that will not always be the case, and this
suffices to prove that the two procedures are not necessarily connected with
one another. [p249]
[18] To this distinction by reason of their objects, Article 17 of the
Convention of May 8th, 1924, adds a distinction with regard to those who may
initiate the proceedings. While any Member of the Council of the League of
Nations may institute proceedings before the Council under paragraph 1 of
Article 17, proceedings before the Court under paragraph 2 may only be
initiated by one of the Principal Allied Powers, Member of the Council of
the League of Nations.
[19] If the principle of the unity of the proceedings were to be adopted, it
would follow that a case could not be proceeded with before the Court, under
paragraph 2 of Article 17, if it had been brought before the Council, under
paragraph 1, by a Member of the Council other than one of the Principal
Allied Powers which signed the Convention.
[20] Moreover, the Agent for the Lithuanian Government has thought to find
arguments in support of his contention in the close connection which,
according to him, exists between the two paragraphs of Article 17 as the
result of the use in the second paragraph of the words "these provisions",
which refer to the words "provisions of the present Convention" in the first
paragraph - and also in the history of the text of the Article.
[21] As regards the first of these arguments, the Court is unable to regard
it as of sufficient weight to justify the conclusion that the contracting
Parties regarded proceedings before the Council as a necessary preliminary
to proceedings before the Court. In view of the context, the words "these
provisions" simply indicate that the provisions of which the interpretation
may give rise under the second paragraph to proceedings before the Court,
are the same as those to any infraction of which the attention of the
Council may be called under paragraph 1.
[22] As regards the arguments based on the history of the text, the Court
must first of all point out that, as it has constantly held, the preparatory
work cannot be adduced to interpret a text which is, in itself, sufficiently
clear. The Court is, moreover, of opinion that the history of Article 17 of
the Convention provides no material which conflicts with the interpretation
of the terms of the Article standing by themselves. [p250]
[23] The arguments based on the history of the text which are adduced by the
Lithuanian Government may be summarized as follows:
(1) the word "further", which appears in the jurisdictional clauses inserted
in treaties for the protection of Minorities or in Minority articles in
certain Peace Treaties, does not appear in paragraph 2 of Article 17 of the
Memel Convention;
(2) following the negotiations which took place in 1923, at Paris, between
the Committee of the Conference of Ambassadors and the Lithuanian
delegation, a compromise is said to have been reached between the Parties,
which was embodied in the present wording of Article 17 of the Memel
Convention; it is said that under this compromise recourse to the Permanent
Court of International Justice is only open to the Principal Allied Powers,
Members of the Council of the League of Nations, after the Council has
examined the infraction of the Convention to which its attention has been
drawn by one of its Members.
[24] In order to reply to these two arguments, the Court must briefly trace
the history of Article 17.
[25] Article 17 was the outcome of a Lithuanian proposal, made during the
negotiations at Paris between the Conference of Ambassadors and the
representatives of Lithuania and of the Memel Territory in order to frame an
organic statute for the said Territory, embodying the conditions under which
the Principal Allied Powers by a decision dated February 16th, 1923, had
declared their willingness to transfer to Lithuania the sovereignty over the
Memel Territory which Germany had ceded to those Powers.
[26] The draft convention which the Lithuanian delegation presented to the
Conference of Ambassadors on April nth, 1923, contained an Article 49,
submitted as an alternative proposal, the two paragraphs of which reproduced
the wording of paragraphs 2 and 3 of the jurisdictional clause of the
Treaties for the protection of Minorities, or the Minority Clauses in
certain Peace Treaties, with the exception of two minor differences, purely
of form, and the omission of three groups of words. The text, in which these
three groups of words have been interpolated in square brackets, is as
follows: [p251]
"Lithuania agrees. that any Member of the Council of the League of Nations
shall have the right to bring to the attention of the Council any infraction
[or any- danger of infraction] of the articles of the present Convention
[and that the Council may thereupon take such action and give such direction
as it may deem proper and effective in the circumstances].
Lithuania further agrees that any difference of opinion as to questions of
law or fact arising out of these Articles between the Lithuanian Government
and any one of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, [or any other
Power, a] Member of the Council of the League of Nations, shall be held to
be a dispute of an international character under Article 14 of the Covenant
of the League of Nations. The Lithuanian Government hereby consents that any
such dispute shall, if the other Party thereto demands, be referred to the
Permanent Court of International Justice. The decision of the Permanent
Court shall be final and shall have the same force and effect as an award
under Article 13 of the Covenant."
[27] On August 8th, 1923, the Conference of Ambassadors transmitted to the
Prime Minister, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, a new text which
appeared as Article 62. In this Article the words "Lithuania agrees" are
replaced by the words "The High Contracting Parties declare" ; the beginning
of paragraph 2 - reproducing thenceforward the actual wording of the
beginning of the third paragraph of the declaration of May 12th, 1922,
"concerning the protection of Minorities in Lithuania" - is adapted to this
wording; and, lastly, the word "dispute" in paragraph 2 of Article 62 of the
draft is replaced by the word "difference". It was at this moment that the
final form of the provision which subsequently became Article 17 of the
Convention of May 8th, 1924, was fixed, except for the "s" in the word
"members", which was added later.
[28] In the light of this historical account, the omission of the word
"further", which no longer served any purpose, is quite naturally explained
by the evolution of the text, and it is impossible to deduce from it the
conclusion which the Agent of the Lithuanian Government claims to draw
therefrom.
[29] As to the alleged compromise, the Lithuanian Government contends that
this compromise was effected when the Committee of the Conference of
Ambassadors accepted the Article 49 proposed as an alternative by the
Lithuanian representatives [p252]. It is said that while on the one hand the
Committee of the Conference of Ambassadors wished to reserve to the Council
of the League of Nations the right of final decision of disputes as to the
application of the Convention concerning the Memel Territory, and while, on
the other hand, Lithuania wished in such cases to make the Permanent Court
of International Justice the arbitrator, Article 49 as proposed by Lithuania
and eventually accepted bу the Committee of the Conference of Ambassadors
provided for recourse both to the Council and to the Court.
[30] Even supposing that this constituted the conclusion of a compromise,
there is nothing in it which bears on the question whether the Court may
only be resorted to after the failure of proceedings before the Council of
the League of Nations. In fact, nothing in the history or in the successive
wordings of the texts affords any indication in this respect; nor has any
proof of it been furnished by the Lithuanian Agent in his oral arguments.
[31] The Court has been unable to find any support for the Lithuanian
contention in the report of the Committee of Jurists appointed by the
Council of the League of Nations on September 3rd, 1926 (Official Journal of
the League of Nations, 1926, p. 1424). The Lithuanian Government relies in
this connection on the French text of a passage in this report, the English
text of which is as follows:
".... only in the case of a difference of opinion between the Lithuanian
Government and one of the Principal Allied Powers members of the Council can
such a dispute be brought before the Court of Justice. The provision,
therefore, does not apply to a difference of opinion between any Members of
the Council other than one of the Principal Powers and the Lithuanian
Government."
[32] The Court, however, considers that, having regard to the circumstances
in which this report was submitted, this passage relates exclusively to the
question between what Parties a difference of opinion must exist in order
that it may be brought before the Court under Article 17, paragraph 2, of
the Convention. [p253]
[33] Furthermore, it observes that both the report of July 25th, 1923, of
the above-mentioned Committee of the Conference of Ambassadors (Documents
diplomatiques, Question de Memel, Publication of the Lithuanian Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, 1923, Vol. I, p. 222) and the Rapporteur to the Council at
its meeting of February 20th, 1932 [Official Journal of the League of
Nations, 1932, p. 545), are in agreement with the view maintained by the
four Applicant Powers.
[34] The Court desires to emphasize that nothing that is said in this
judgment is to be regarded as prejudging in any way the interpretation of
the jurisdictional clause in treaties for the protection of Minorities, or
in the Minority provisions of certain Peace Treaties ; this clause does not
apply in the present case and has not been submitted to the Court.
[35] FOR THESE REASONS,
The Court,
by thirteen votes to three,
overrules the preliminary objection raised by the Lithuanian Government;
and reserves points 5 and 6 of the Application instituting proceedings of
April nth, 1932, for judgment on the merits.
[36] Done in French and English, the French text being authoritative, at the
Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-fourth day of June, nineteen hundred
and thirty-two, in six copies, one of which shall be placed in the Archives
of the Court and" the others delivered to the Agents of the Government of
His Britannic Majesty in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland, the Government of the French Republic, the Government of His
Majesty the King of Italy, the Government of His Majesty the Emperor of
Japan and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania.
(Signed) J. G. Guerrero,
Acting-President.
(Signed) �. Hammarskj�ld,
Registrar.[p254]
[37] Baron Rolin-Jaequemyns, Judge, declares that he is unable to concur in
the judgment given by the Court and, availing himself of the right conferred
on him by Article 57 of the Statute, appends to the judgment the following
dissenting opinion.
[38] Count Rostworowski, Judge, and M. Romer'is, Judge ad hoc, declare that
they are unable to concur in the judgment given by the Court and that they
are in favour of upholding the Lithuanian objection for the two cases in
point (questions 5 and 6 of the application), in so far as these concern
infractions of the provisions of the Convention of Paris of May 8th, 1924,
and are covered by Article 17, paragraph 1, of that Convention.
(Initialled) J. G. G.
(Initialled) A. H. [p255]
Dissenting Separate Opinion by Baron Rolin-Jaequemyns.
[Translation.]
[39] The undersigned feels obliged shortly to indicate, in accordance with
the right conferred upon him by Article 57 of the Statute and Article 62 of
the Rules of Court, the reasons for which he dissents from the judgment
delivered this day, in which the Court has decided by a majority to overrule
the preliminary objection raised by the Lithuanian Government in regard to
the last two questions (5 and 6) of the application instituting proceedings
of the four Applicant Powers, whereby the Court was asked to say:
"(5) whether, in the circumstances in which it took place, the appointment
of the Directorate presided over by M. Simaitis is in order;
(6) whether the dissolution of the Diet, carried out by the Governor of the
Memel Territory on March 22nd, 1932, when the Directorate presided over by
M. Simaitis had not received the confidence of the Diet, is in order".
[40] The undersigned holds that on the contrary this preliminary objection
is justified by the fact that the jurisdiction of the Court to pass upon the
above-mentioned points 5 and 6 can only rest on Article 17 (para. 2) of the
Convention of May 8th, 1924, between the four Applicant Powers and
Lithuania, and according to the terms of this provision the Court cannot be
called upon to decide questions of this kind unless such questions have
first been referred to the Council of the League of Nations under the first
paragraph of the same Article 17.
[41] This view in no way implies that the two paragraphs of Article 17
contemplate two successive phases of one and the same procedure, as
contended by the Lithuanian Government in its Counter-Case of May 26th,
1932, referred to in the Court's judgment. Nor does it mean, as is said in
the application filed on the same date by the Lithuanian Government [p256]
in support of its preliminary objection, "that paragraph 2 of Article 17 of
the Convention of Memel regards a recourse to the Permanent Court of
International Justice as a procedure only to be employed after a failure of
the procedure before the Council of the League of Nations under paragraph 1
of the same Article 17". In the opinion of the undersigned, there is nothing
to prevent the two procedures instituted by Article 17 of the Convention of
1924 being pursued simultaneously before the Council on the one hand and
before the Court on the other, providing that the Council is resorted to
first.
[42] The undersigned however agrees that the wording of Article 17 is not as
definite as it might be on this point. But, in view of the uncertainty which
ensues therefrom, he feels that he cannot do better than refer in regard to
this point to an opinion expressed, only two years after the signature of
the 1924 Convention, by a Committee of Jurists constituted in the course of
the year 1926 by the Council of the League of Nations, which opinion relates
to the scope and working of this Convention, in connection with certain
difficulties which had already arisen concerning the regime of the Memel
Territory.
[43] The authors of this report, which is dated September 3rd, 1926, and
which was considered and approved by the Council at its meeting on September
20th of the same year, express themselves as follows:
"As regards an infraction of the Memel Convention, the Council cannot
intervene except at the instance of a government member of the Council, and
only in the case of a difference of opinion between the Lithuanian
Government and one of the Principal Allied Powers members of the Council can
such a dispute be brought before the Court of Justice...."
[44] But this method of procedure has not been followed by the Principal
Allied Powers, members of the Council, i.e. by the four Applicant
Governments, in so far as concerns points 5 and 6 of their application. They
have not waited until these questions had been submitted to the Council, as
the question of the dismissal of M. B�ttcher, the President of the
Directorate [p 257] - to which points 1 to 4 of the application refer - had
been ; nor have they themselves brought the questions set out in points 5
and 6 before the Council, as they might have done, and they have submitted
these two questions direct to the Court, asking it, not to decide a dispute
or a. difference of opinion, but simply to express an opinion on certain
acts of the Lithuanian Government.
[45] It is true that it is stated in the Court's judgment that in view of
the circumstances in which the Jurists' report was submitted, that report
only envisages the question between what Parties a difference must exist in
order that it may be brought before the Court under Article 17, paragraph 2,
of the Convention, and the judgment reproduces in this connection the latter
part of the passage in the above-mentioned report observing that the
Lithuanian Government has specially adduced the French text of that report.
This text states categorically that after the intervention of the Council, a
difference must subsist in order to render it possible for the four Powers
to have recourse to the Court, whereas the English text only makes of the
existence of a dispute the condition for recourse to the Court. But no
matter whether it is a question of a dispute which subsists or which exists,
the Jurists' report nevertheless clearly indicates, in its interpretation of
Article 17 of the Convention, that in the event of an infraction of the
Convention, the matter must first be brought before the Council, and that
"only in the case of a difference of opinion (s'il subsiste une difference
d'opinions) between the Lithuanian Government and one of the Principal
Allied Powers, members of the Council, can such a dispute be brought before
the Court....". Accordingly, the matter must have been brought before the
Council and a difference of opinion must subsist or exist thereafter between
the Lithuanian Government and the four Powers in order to enable the latter
to have recourse to the Court.
[46] But it is precisely these conditions which have not been fulfilled in
the two cases dealt with by the Court's judgment, and for this reason the
undersigned considers that the Court should have upheld the objection to its
jurisdiction raised by the Lithuanian Government in respect of the last two
points [p258] (5 and 6) of the application of the four Applicant
Governments, and he is therefore unable to concur in the judgment of the
Court overruling this objection.
[47] At the same time, the undersigned feels that it is useful to point out
that the action of the four Governments is calculated to lead the Court to
intervene in a mere divergence of views, without any legal dispute, in the
proper sense of the term, having as yet arisen therefrom, which would
justify the Court in giving a decision in conformity with Articles 13 and 14
of the Covenant of the League of Nations, in accordance with Article 17 of
the Convention of 1924 and in accordance with that which is expressly laid
down in Article 36 of the Court's Statute. The attention of the Court may,
moreover, be called to these particular questions during the deliberations
on the merits of the above-mentioned points 5 and 6.
(Signed) Rolin-Jaequemyns.
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